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The De Monarchia of Dante in the fourteenth century Italian Literature

early as Convivio Dante had anticipated two problems that stood in the heart: that of language and the the policy , if the first dedicated then De vulgari eloquentia , the second dedicated the treatise De monarchy, written in Latin for the same reasons as the first. E 'is really the only political in an absolute sense, because it is intended, at least in intention, to show with clarity and completeness the political conception of Dante. In reality, it turned out very clearest conception from the Divine comedy, but this was due to the fact that Dante was a poet by nature, not treatises, and then he could be convincing only when expressed with its unique ways. The
De monarchy is in three books: the first is the need of the royal government for the welfare of humanity, the second is the Roman Empire and the third is the problem of relations between the Papacy and the Empire and contains only two of Dante's conception, the true novelty of the work.
The date is uncertain but the argument does suggest that it was written during the descent of Henry VII in Italy, around 1313, when the poet was encouraged by the hope of being able to return to Florence, with the Emperor and the program announced that he had to visit the Italian cities and return to peace. Firm believer in the Empire as the most perfect form of government and willed by God, Dante maintains that, since the end of man, according to Aristotle, realization of the possible, that all intellectual abilities, so that this task calls for harmony and peace, which only can ensure absolute authority. This authority may in fact embody a prince who has power over all men on earth and that it represents the one who holds the order. The Roman Empire

willed by God

is then analyzed whether the Roman people with the right assumed the title of monarch, and on this, one examines the Roman history by seeing it as the revelation of God's providence as the poet was God's will to allow the Empire, in which would have made the extraordinary event of the death of Christ who would redeem the world and saved mankind. Indeed, precisely because Christ's condemnation was uttered by the legitimate authority of the Roman Empire, it became a universal meaning and providential. Finally, to determine whether it reflects the power of the Emperor descended directly from God or his vicar, the Pope, and you enter in this way, the heart of the dispute over the investiture controversy, and then the papal theocracy.

theory only two

Dante addresses the problem with an ingenious idea. in fact defines the final antonomia of the two powers, temporal and spiritual, of the 'Emperor and Pope , replacing the theocratic similarity of the sun, a symbol of spiritual power and
Pope, and the moon, and as a symbol of the emperor, the sun shines with reflected light, the new parallelism of the two suns that shine with light own.
For Dante the Emperor was in no way subject to the Pope, as his authority was being given by God to comfort of this argument he refutes the arguments of both critics and Decretals, lawyers of the Church, who claimed the same authority the decrees of popes and of the Holy Scriptures, both French scholars, in order to increase and broaden the domain of the king of France, opportunistically supported the supremacy of the Pope

Donation of Constantine

In denying any time the Papacy and the Church, Dante gives a strong responsibility to Constantine, for having made the donation to the Church appealed to support its temporal power: the poet could not know that yet act of donation was false, because only the humanist Lorenzo Valla,
the fifteenth century, it would show. Constantine committed an unlawful act, according to Dante, because Rome took the empire to give it to the Pope, while the city
was not his personal property.
Empire, it is therefore the care of the tangible and temporal, and administrative and political issues to the Church, then, the Pope, the care of spiritual things and souls of men. Between the two authorities, there must be mutual respect, but not subordinate to the Pope and the Emperor will submit, only with regard to its nature of a Christian believer and his spirit, like a spiritual father to a son. The profile of the monarchy that is drawn in the pages of this work is that of an ideal and universal monarchy, in some ways impossible at a time when had not yet arisen, but were just emerging, national states, but beyond Dante's idealization that makes this form of government, it is important to Dante's ethics policy, which is revealed in this treaty.

Ethics and politics

fact it was not possible that, for Dante, ethics is distinguished from politics and this time looked to the Church to combat it, he could not help but see in it the ecclesiastical corruption of his time and the decay of the purity of the ancient Church. His speech appears, therefore, the reasoning behind his customary and rigorous requirements of morality and conversion and is part of its grand plan of world redemption and revelation of God's providential plan in place in history, which is dedicated to the sacred poem .